Before he had begun publishing his major works, Rene Guenon engaged in an extended correspondence with the writer Noëlle Maurice-Denis, daughter of the painter Maurice Denis. In a letter from 1919, he explained his life project to Noëlle, which was to develop a “common understanding” “between various traditional doctrines.” In 1919, it was just an idea. A century later, his books are more read now than they were then. We can now hope that there are indeed “qualified individuals capable of taking the initiative of an effective rapprochement such as the one I am thinking of”. That is our task.
That defines the Traditional spirit as he understood it. Unfortunately, there are many who claim to be “Traditionalists” in Guenon’s sense, yet do note possess that spirit. Against those who reject Guenon, there is not much that we can say because there is little common ground. However, those without the spirit are a different case, worse actually, because they do not understand it. There are two main markers for that spirit:
- Look for rapprochement, not debating points
- Distinguish between theological and metaphysical perspectives. The latter is certain
As a thought experiment, we will use the Christian dogma of the Trinity, especially the so-called “filioque” clause as an example for this approach.
Theological issues
The Latin and Greek churches disagree on the theological formulation of whether the “Holy Spirits proceeds from the Father” or the “Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.” Obviously, this debate has been raging for centuries without an end in sight. That is the disadvantage of the theological approach. Hence, that is the wrong way to achieve any rapprochement. We can make two quick points about this.
Not mandatory in the west
The filioque does not bear the same existential import in the West. The Uniate churches omit the filioque when they recite the Creed during Mass. No one thinks anything of it.
Alleged consequences
Those lacking the Traditional spirit often find the most bizarre consequences of the filioque. One that I’ve heard is that it implies that the Pope has power of the Holy Spirit. To prove that, it would be necessary to find that dogmatic formulation in Catholic dogmas; it is not true, so shame on the accuser.
Another one, which I only know second hand, is that the filioque leads to democracy. There is no school of logical inference in which that makes sense, and certainly history shows otherwise.
These are two examples of the partisan spirit that is opposed to the Traditional spirit. Finally, we turn to the great Russian theologian, Sergei Bulgakov. In his extensive study of the Holy Spirit, he had to concede that he could not find anything truly significant in the doctrine, certainly nothing that would make a difference in practice.
Another claim is that the omission of the filioque is more consistent with the Vedantic teaching. This is patently not the case. Without the filioque, the Son and the Spirit are left dangling from the Father with no relationship between them.
Metaphysical Issues
The situation looks different if we approach the issues from metaphysics rather then theology. Metaphysics, unlike theology, is certain. Then the theologians can interpret the metaphysical points in their own exoteric formulation.
Vedanta
We will use Guenon’s Man and his Becoming according to the Vedanta as our guide. This is a summary of the Vedantic trinity.
- Purusha: this is the transcendent One, beyond all manisfestion.
- Buddhi: this is the Universal Intellect, or the content of all the ideas of the One.
- Manas: this is the Universal soul or the inner sense, called “common sense” by the Scholastics.
Note that the relationship is hierarchical: Manas, or Holy Spirit, proceeds from the One through the Buddhi or Divine Intellect. The filioque “and” is equivalent to “through”; it is not that the Buddhi initiates its own procession.
Neoplatonism
Vladimir Solovyov, in the Lectures on Divine Humanity, demonstrates the Neoplatonic roots of the Trinity. A fortiori, he traces the origin all the way back the Hermes Trismegistus.
The Neoplatonic Trinity of the One, Universal Intellect, and the Universal Soul, is isomorphic to the Vedanta version. So common ground can be found there.
The Ismaili Muslim, Khalil Andani, has a series of youtube videos that explains the Neoplatonic Trinity in detail.
What is a Person
It was Plotinus who originated the notion of the “three divine hypostases”, not Christian theologians. This has often been translated as three “Persons”. In metaphysics a Person has a precise definition that is lacking in popular parlance. In everyday use, a Person is a conscious being with desires, feelings, and thoughts. As such, a person can contemplate options, make free decisions, etc.
However, in metaphysics, that is called the Individual. The individual is a part of manifestation, a very limited part actually, because the conscious part of the individual is very limited. The Person, on the other hand, transcends all manifestation and can never be the object of direct experience. Another formulation is the distinction between the Ego and the Self. In the Vedanta, the Self or Person is called atman.
God is the supreme person and is determined by nothing outside himself; otherwise, He would not be absolute. Yet, the Trinity follows from His nature, so in this sense the Trinity is necessary.
Here we can only provide a brief outline. For more detail, I can only recommend a close study of the three resources mentioned above. It is an important issue and well worth one’s effort and time.
@Balder,
I won’t discuss Guenon right now. I will however, make a general observation that there seems to be an entrenched antagonism between theologians and meta-physicians on one hand, and mystics on the other. Mystics (and here I’m using the common, broad meaning of it), being persons who typically do posses a sense of humour, are immunised against every sort of pretense, not in the least pretense to authority. The former camp responds very predictably, by accusing mystics of being ‘dangerous charlatans’, or using any similar tactic of discrediting a person by appealing to people’s regard for their own safety and conformity.
Differences, as anyone with subtlety understands – presuming that he wants to – are not doctrinal, but a matter of personal animosity and vanity. Don’t believe me? Just observe the rage that follows any real or perceived insult to the meta-physician’s authority. All of a sudden, the wise man displays admirable skill in ad hominem attacks, punches under the belly and throws himself tooth and claw at the person’s reputation and his right to decency. Then being ‘above dialectics’ breaks like a pinata, and the onlookers can admire the fabulous fruits of a strictly meditative diet.
In such an environment one cannot learn much about the ‘Truth’, but he can learn quite a lot about politics, for instance. Science prevails elsewhere.
@ArthurKonrad: about Guenon and his apparent lack of humor, he said in some of his writings something like following: “it seems our writings are profoundly lacking joy, yet it is dependent on one’s character what things give one the sense of joy.”
So perhaps he was not humorless at all but found his joy elsewhere than from joking and common humor. I am a joker myself but I would find it quite strange if a book on metaphysics, symbolism or traditional sciences would be replete with jokes and humor.
@dave sora with love: “Distinguish between theological and metaphysical perspectives. The latter is certain”
@dave sora
That the Father and the Son are eternal is a spiritual truth. But to understand this, you have to understand what the Son is, and also to have felt like a son, spiritually, at least once. Then the coming forth of the Son into the world of creation appears as an inevitable spiritual event, along with so many others – and such events *are* primarily spiritual events, whereas what you discuss is abstract logic and history.
But again, whether you are for or against a certain point of view, it is certainly true that this whole debate can exist only in a humorless world inhabited by theologians and meta-physicians. Rene Guenon for instance, was a completely humorless person, I doubt even his admirers can deny this much.
The filoque is blamed but really the whole Athanasian Creed in which it originated is the problem. The addition of the filoque to the Western edit of the Nicene would never have happened without the Athanasian Creed. And the larger problem with the Athanasian is the absurd claim that the Son by himself is the whole God, and the Holy Spirit by himself is the whole God (the Father of course is) and that somehow this is not three gods. In the Nicene Creed and its explanation by the fathers of that council, the Father is the whole God, and the Son and Holy Spirit are attributes of the Father which before time as we know it he endowed with personhood. The Athanasian creed asserts an absolute coequality of the persons which it itself must contradict (i.e. when it says that the Father is both uncreated and unbegotten while the son if uncreated BUT begotten, thus belying its earlier statement that “Such as is the Father, so is the Son” and its other claims to absolute coequality). Further, the claim to coeternality is asserted without decent explanation, leading the West to believe in a 4 person God, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit form into a 4th person, the Trinity itself, because each of the 3 persons is seen as a part of a 4th omniperson that is the abstract divine essence. Whereas in the Nicene Creed and its proper explanation, the Father is the Trinity, and the Son and Holy Spirit are personalized attributes of the Father, who are coeternal with the Father as to their substance (since it is his substance as they abide in his substance) but not coeternal in personality since there was a point (before created time however) when they did not exist as persons (althought they did always exist as divine attributes of the Father). Therefore, the Athanasian Creed (a standard in the West alone) leads to twin heresies, trithetism, and modalism, and to a third, i.e. partialism (i.e. the belief that the Father Himself is merely a part of the Trinity, rather than the whole Trinity, which is the same as turning the Trinity into a Quadernity). Modalism issues from the claim in the Athanasian creed that each of the 3 persons by himself is the whole God and yet somehow that’s still only one God, and the modalist reasons from this that God is actually just 1 person pretending to be 3 persons. The tritheist also reasons that 3 persons who always were God, coequal and coeternal is basically 3 gods and so he believes in 3 gods but lies and constantly says (as the Athanasian creed itself lies and says) “and yet that is not 3 gods but only 1 god” as if anyone believed them in this claim when saying 3 persons are each by himself the whole God and yet that’s only one God. This particular verse of the Athanasian is the fountainhead of trinitarian and anti-trinitarian heresies in the West, just as much as the Father is the fountainhead of divinity in the East. It is easy to see how the Father having turned two of his attributes into persons is a Trinity, 3 persons and yet one God. But to figure out how the God of the Athanasian creed which is just an abstract divine essence with three persons eternally in there, how can anyone even figure out how this Athanasian thing leaves room for the terms Father and Son? For their version of coeternality implies even the coeternality of the personhood of the Son with the Father, leaving no way in which the Son is younger than the Father, and thus no way for him to be the Son. While the Nicene version, takes Arius’ insight that the Son must be younger than the Father, but explains it in an orthodox way. Instead of Arius’ “there was a time when the Son was not” full stop, they basically revised it to “there was a point before time when the Son was not yet a person but only a divine attribute, but he always existed as a divine attribute at the very least.” Now unfortunately that exact phrase didn’t make it into the Nicene Creed, but is explained only in its explanation, and this gave rise to filthy heretics to create the vile confusion document that is the Athanasian Creed. The Orthodox are unfortunately blaming on the mere filoque that the Athanasian Creed originated what they should be blaming on the entire document itself.